Climate Change

Climate change refers to the long-term warming of the planet associated with increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, largely from energy use and land use changes. These fuels release greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat, disrupting Earth’s natural energy balance.

The climate boundary is based on two key indicators: the concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere and the Earth’s overall energy imbalance. Scientists estimate the safe upper limit for atmospheric CO₂ is about 350 parts per million (ppm). However, today it is over 420 ppm, well into the danger zone.

This rise in temperature affects more than just the weather. It leads to melting glaciers and polar ice, rising sea levels, stronger storms, prolonged droughts, and shifting climate patterns. It also places stress on ecosystems, agriculture, and water supplies. These effects don't happen in isolation as they ripple across boundaries, intensifying biodiversity loss, land degradation, and freshwater scarcity.

Climate change is a core boundary, meaning it plays a foundational role in maintaining planetary stability. If it is pushed too far, other systems may collapse even if their own limits haven't been crossed yet.