Planetary Boundaries

Explore the concept of planetary boundaries, a scientific framework that identifies the environmental limits within which humanity can safely operate.

Which Boundaries Have Been Crossed

One of the most urgent messages from the planetary boundaries framework is that they are already operating outside of the safe zone in multiple systems.

As of the most recent scientific assessments, at least six out of the nine planetary boundaries have been exceeded:

  1. Climate Change
  2. Biosphere Integrity
  3. Biogeochemical Flows (Nitrogen and Phosphorus)
  4. Land-System Change
  5. Freshwater Use
  6. Novel Entities

Other boundaries, such as ocean acidification and atmospheric aerosol loading, are not yet fully crossed on a global scale, but they are under increasing pressure. Stratospheric ozone depletion is the only boundary that has been successfully brought back into the safe zone through global cooperation.

Each crossed boundary adds pressure to the Earth system. But what’s most important is how they interact. Climate change can worsen biodiversity loss. Deforestation can increase emissions. Polluted water bodies can disrupt local climates.

The more boundaries that are exceeded, the greater the risk of triggering tipping points: abrupt shifts in how Earth’s systems behave, which may be difficult to reverse. These could include the collapse of major ecosystems, the thawing of permafrost, or rapid changes in ocean circulation.

Crossing boundaries doesn’t guarantee disaster, but it significantly increases the likelihood of system-wide disruptions that could affect food systems, migration, infrastructure, and human health.