Biosphere Integrity

Biosphere integrity refers to the health and diversity of life on Earth. It encompasses two dimensions: genetic diversity, which is how many species exist, and functional diversity which is how ecosystems work. Together, these forms of biodiversity make the Earth resilient to change and capable of recovering from disturbances.

Currently, this boundary may be significantly stressed. Species are estimated to be going extinct at rates much higher than natural background levels. Ecosystems from coral reefs to tropical forests are losing key species like pollinators, predators, and soil organisms that maintain balance and productivity.

Biodiversity is not just a moral or aesthetic concern. It plays a practical role in stabilizing the climate, purifying air and water, building fertile soil, and supporting agriculture. When ecosystems lose their biodiversity, they lose their ability to regulate themselves.

Unlike some boundaries, biosphere integrity is hard to restore once it is lost. Species extinctions are permanent, and degraded ecosystems may not recover even if conditions improve.