Climate, Land, and Oceans Key Takeaways

• Climate change is a core planetary boundary already far beyond the safe threshold. It disrupts temperature, weather, sea levels, and global ecological stability.
• Land-system change alters Earth's surface through deforestation, agriculture, and urbanization, weakening the planet’s ability to store carbon and support biodiversity.
• Ocean acidification is caused by excess CO₂ being absorbed by seawater, reducing pH levels and threatening marine life, especially coral and shell-building organisms.
• All three boundaries are interconnected: deforestation contributes to climate change; climate change warms oceans; acidification harms ocean ecosystems that regulate the climate.
• Addressing these boundaries requires global cooperation, local action, and a commitment to protecting both visible and invisible systems that make life on Earth possible.