Life-Sustaining Boundaries Key Takeaways

• Freshwater use is approaching or exceeding safe limits in many regions. Over-withdrawal damages ecosystems and reduces water security for people.
   
• Biogeochemical flows are heavily disrupted by industrial agriculture. Excess nitrogen and phosphorus pollute waterways and cause oxygen-depleted “dead zones.”
   
• Biosphere integrity is one of the most seriously exceeded boundaries, with species loss undermining the resilience of ecosystems worldwide.
   
• These life-sustaining boundaries are interdependent: for example, agriculture impacts all three through water use, fertilizer runoff, and habitat destruction.
   
• Crossing these boundaries threatens the basic conditions for life on Earth. Restoration is difficult—so prevention is critical.